Relations entre types de violation des libertés syndicales garanties par les conventions de l'OIT: une analyse de statistique implicative des résultats d'une fouille de texte

Au travers d'une analyse de violations observées de conventions de l'OIT, le but de ce papier est de montrer comment l'analyse implicative complémente avantageusement des analyses exploratoires plus classiques. Plus précisément, nous nous intéressons aux types de violations relevées par les experts chargés d'observer le respect des Conventions nº 87 et nº 98 de l'OIT sur les droits syndicaux. Les données sont des prédictions obtenues à l'aide d'un apprentissage fondé sur la fouille de texte. Nous comparons essentiellement trois méthodes soit l'analyse statistique implicative, l'analyse factorielle des correspondances et la classification automatique des individus. Nous discutons les apports de chacune de ces méthodes. - The aim of this paper is to illustrate through an analysis of observed violations of ILO's Conventions, how implicative statistics advantageously complements more classical exploratory data analyses results. More specifically, we are interested in the study of the kind of violations reported by the Committee of experts on the application of ILO Conventions on freedom of association and collective bargaining. Data considered are predictions obtained using text mining based learning. We compare statistical implicative analysis with multiple correspondence analysis and case clustering

Opportunistic Management of Spontaneous and Heterogeneous Wireless Mesh Networks

International audienceIn the traditional model for wireless mesh networks, a two-tiered architecture classifies nodes into mesh routers or clients. Such an approach, based on strong separation of roles, is interesting when an administrative entity deploys and controls the network. Nevertheless, in spontaneous and self-organized networks, where there is no administrative entity behind the network formation, this model does not hold anymore. In such a scenario the heterogeneity of nodes should be fully exploited in order to increase, as much as possible, network availability and usability. In this article we propose an approach for opportunistic wireless mesh network formation and maintenance that breaks the rigidness of the traditional architecture. We relax the role separation constraint and consider the case of spontaneous network formation relying on the concept of self-organization and collaboration. The main idea is to make the network take advantage of the specific resources and characteristics of the nodes in an opportunistic fashion. In our vision, any node (routers and clients) can perform any network functionality, if they can and if they wish

An architecture to offer cloud-based radio access network as a service

This paper addresses the novel notion of offering a radio access network as a service. Its components may be instantiated on general purpose platforms with pooled resources (both radio and hardware ones) dimensioned on-demand, elastically and following the pay-per-use principle. A novel architecture is proposed that supports this concept. The architecture's success is in its modularity, well-defined functional elements and clean separation between operational and control functions. By moving much processing traditionally located in hardware for computation in the cloud, it allows the optimisation of hardware utilization and reduction of deployment and operation costs. It enables operators to upgrade their network as well as quickly deploy and adapt resources to demand. Also, new players may easily enter the market, permitting a virtual network operator to provide connectivity to its users

Science overlay maps: a new tool for research policy and library management

We present a novel approach to visually locate bodies of research within the sciences, both at each moment of time and dynamically. This article describes how this approach fits with other efforts to locally and globally map scientific outputs. We then show how these science overlay maps help benchmark, explore collaborations, and track temporal changes, using examples of universities, corporations, funding agencies, and research topics. We address conditions of application, with their advantages, downsides and limitations. Overlay maps especially help investigate the increasing number of scientific developments and organisations that do not fit within traditional disciplinary categories. We make these tools accessible to help researchers explore the ongoing socio-cognitive transformation of science and technology systems

In search of a network theory of innovations: relations, positions, and perspectives

As a complement to Nelson and Winter's (1977) article titled "In Search of a Useful Theory of Innovation," a sociological perspective on innovation networks can be elaborated using Luhmann's social systems theory, on the one hand, and Latour's "sociology of translations," on the other. Because of a common focus on communication, these perspectives can be combined as a set of methodologies. Latour's sociology of translations specifies a mechanism for generating variation in relations ("associations"), whereas Luhmann's systems perspective enables the specification of (functionally different) selection environments such as markets, professional organizations, and political control. Selection environments can be considered as mechanisms of social coordination that can self-organize—beyond the control of human agency—into regimes in terms of interacting codes of communication. Unlike relatively globalized regimes, technological trajectories are organized locally in "landscapes." A resulting "duality of structure" (Giddens, 1979) between the historical organization of trajectories and evolutionary self-organization at the regime level can be expected to drive innovation cycles. Reflexive translations add a third layer of perspectives to (a) the relational analysis of observable links that shape trajectories and (b) the positional analysis of networks in terms of latent dimensions. These three operations can be studied in a single framework, but using different methodologies. Latour's first-order associations can then be analytically distinguished from second-order translations in terms of requiring other communicative competencies. The resulting operations remain infrareflexively nested, and can therefore be used for innovative reconstructions of previously constructed boundaries